Dementia & Nutrition
Dementia can lead to changes in appetite and sense of taste and smell, which can reduce the person’s desire to eat. Some people with dementia have difficulties with sight and perception, and so can struggle with using cutlery. Some people won’t recognise cutlery or remember its purpose, and will prefer to pick up food from a plate with their fingers.
It is also the case that a person with dementia may lose their sense of time, and so forget to eat. Equally, they may have difficulty associating feelings of hunger with the need for food. These are all things that we take for granted but, for a person with dementia, they may be challenging.
Dementia can also result in difficulties in chewing and swallowing. Because of these difficulties, the person may need longer to eat each meal, and so they may eat less.
If you are supporting a person with dementia, it can be upsetting to see them struggle with eating and drinking, and to see weight loss or weight gain. However, plenty can be done to help a person with dementia to continue to enjoy food and eating.
Tips for Meal-times
Here are some things you can do to help the person with dementia in preparing for meal-times:
- Support the person in doing their shopping so that they have good availability of easy-to-prepare food at home
- Remind the person when meals are due and try to maintain a routine
- Consider meals-on-wheels, or a family member or home support carer calling at meal-times – ideally eating with the person
- Make sure that glasses, dentures or hearing aids are worn during the meal if needed
- Use specially-adapted utensils including cutlery, non-slip mats, high-sided plates or guards and two-handed or spouted cups – available from an occupational therapist
- Avoid patterned table coverings and distracting items on the table
- Use contrasting coloured plates on a light background: red, yellow or blue are good colours
- Serve food on small plates if a person has a small appetite or, if the person is slow to eat, serve a small portion first and then a second helping that you have kept warm
- Consider foods that are easily eaten with the fingers if a person struggles with cutlery, such as fruit pieces, small sandwiches or cereal bar
When a person has difficulty eating or has reduced their food intake, you could think about the following suggestions:
- Provide encouragement and assistance at meal-times
- Encourage foods at times in the day you notice the person tends to eat better rather than only at traditional meal-times
- Adopt a ‘little-and-often’ meal pattern
- Try out alternatives to the foods the person traditionally ate, such as sweet or savoury options, as their taste may have changed
- Serve favourite foods and make a list of current food preferences
- Introduce nourishing snacks and drinks regularly throughout the day
- Maximise the calories of the food eaten – adding milk or butter to mashed potato or grating cheese over a savoury dish
If they are not eating three meals every day, encourage snacks and finger foods. They can be very nourishing and can be easier to eat than larger meals.
First Port of Call
GPs and public health nurses are a good first port of call for useful advice on improving protein and calorie intake. Sometimes, they will refer the person with dementia to a dietitian for further assessment and advice. The GP or the dietitian may recommend oral nutritional supplements – typically drinks or puddings with extra calories and protein. If a person with dementia is coughing during or after meals or having choking episodes, it is important to let their GP know. They will usually send a referral to a speech and language therapist, who will assess the person’s swallowing, with food and drinks of different consistencies, and give detailed advice.
More Information
A Practical Guide, Eating Well with Dementia, is available for download on the Alzheimer Society Website.
https://alzheimer.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ASI-Eating-well-with-Dementia_-website_2017.pdf
A HSE guide entitled ‘Nutrition and Dementia’ is available to download here